Thyroid disease is more common in women that men due to their particular susceptibility to develop autoimmune response and this association is related with women’s physiological changes during life. Puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause are determinant for the development of autoimmunity which may provoke hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and thyroiditis. At the present, technical advances in thyroid tests as well as the development of images procedures, particularly TSH assays and sonography. It remains some controversy related with the best medication for either hypo or hyperthyroidism; other discussions are the utility of universal TSH test during pregnancy, availability of preclinical diagnosis of hypo and hyperthyroidism, and the use of thyroid peroxidase antibody for detection of thyroid disease in susceptible women due to family history. Needle biopsy has been an important advancement for the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Key words: Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid disease, thyroid cancer.